Coverage robot navigating

ABSTRACT

A method of navigating an autonomous coverage robot on a floor includes controlling movement of the robot across the floor in a cleaning mode, receiving a sensor signal indicative of an obstacle, rotating the robot away from the sensed obstacle, determining a change in the received sensor signal during at least a portion of the rotation of the robot away from the sensed obstacle, and identifying the sensed obstacle based at least in part on the determined change in the received sensor signal.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This U.S. patent application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) toU.S. Provisional Application No. 61/428,793, filed Dec. 30, 2010, thedisclosure of which is considered part of the disclosure of thisapplication and is hereby incorporated by reference it its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application relates to robots, and more particularly to autonomouscoverage robots.

BACKGROUND

Autonomous robots are robots which can perform desired tasks inunstructured environments without continuous human guidance. Many kindsof robots are autonomous to some degree. Different robots can beautonomous in different ways. An autonomous coverage robot traverses awork surface without continuous human guidance to perform one or moretasks. In the field of home, office and/or consumer-oriented robotics,mobile robots that perform household functions such as vacuum cleaning,floor washing, patrolling, lawn cutting and other such tasks have beenwidely adopted.

SUMMARY

An autonomous coverage robot will encounter many obstacles whileoperating. In order to continue operating, the robot will need tocontinually avoid obstacles and/or maneuver around obstacles.

In one aspect, a method of navigating an autonomous coverage robot on afloor includes controlling movement of the robot across the floor in acleaning mode, receiving a sensor signal indicative of an obstacle,rotating the robot away from the sensed obstacle, determining a changein the received sensor signal during at least a portion of the rotationof the robot away from the sensed obstacle, and identifying the sensedobstacle based at least in part on the determined change in the receivedsensor signal.

Implementations of this aspect of the disclosure may include one or moreof the following features. In some implementations, receiving the sensorsignal indicative of an obstacle comprises determining an increase inthe received sensor signal strength. For example, determining theincrease in the received sensor signal strength can include low passfiltering the received sensor signal and comparing the low pass filteredsensor signal to an instantaneous sensor signal.

In some implementations, determining the change in the received sensorsignal includes determining a peak in the strength of the receivedsensor signal. For example, determining the peak in the strength of thereceived sensor signal can include low pass filtering the receivedsensor signal and comparing the low pass filtered sensor signal to aninstantaneous sensor signal.

In certain implementations, identifying the sensed obstacle based atleast in part on the determined change in the received sensor signalincludes storing a first robot heading associated with the receivedsensor signal indicative of the obstacle and storing a second robotheading associated with the determined peak in the received sensorsignal. At least one of the first robot heading and the second robotheading can be determined by a gyroscope carried by the robot and/or bya wheel encoder of a wheel supporting at least a portion of the robotabove the cleaning surface. Additionally or alternatively, identifyingthe sensed obstacle includes determining the angular width of the sensedobstacle based at least in part on the difference between the storedfirst and second robot headings and comparing the determined angularwidth of the sensed obstacle to a threshold. The threshold can be setbased at least in part on the strength of the received sensor signaland/or the angular width of the obstacle.

In some implementations, the robot defines a fore-aft axis and thesensor signal indicative of the obstacle is received from one of a firstsensor and a second sensor, the first sensor and the second sensordisposed on respective right and left sides of the fore-aft axis. Incertain implementations, the method of navigating the autonomouscoverage includes maneuvering the robot to orient the fore-aft axissubstantially parallel to the sensed obstacle if the determined angularwidth of the obstacle is less than the threshold. For example, the robotcan be positioned such that the sensor corresponding to the receivedsensor signal is closest to the sensed obstacle.

In certain implementations, upon determining that the angular width ofthe obstacle is less than the threshold, the robot is directed to turntoward the sensed obstacle. The robot can be substantially cylindricaland directing the robot to turn toward the sensed obstacle can includeturning the robot with a radius slightly larger than the radius of therobot. For example, the robot can be directed to turn with a radiusbetween about equal to the radius of the robot to about 1.8 times theradius of the robot. Additionally or alternatively, the robot can bedirected to turn with a turn radius based at least in part on thedetermined angular width of the obstacle.

In certain implementations, directing the robot to turn toward thesensed obstacle includes directing the robot to turn until the firstrobot heading is reached and, upon reaching the first robot heading,directing the robot to move along a substantially straight pathcorresponding to the first robot heading.

In some implementations, upon determining that the angular width of thesensed obstacle is greater than or equal to the threshold, the robot ismaneuvered to follow the sensed obstacle at a substantially fixeddistance by changing a turning radius of the robot. Changing the turningradius of the robot can include turning the robot in a first directionaway from the sensed obstacle and, upon determining that the sensorsignal is no longer detected, turning the robot in a second directiontoward the sensed obstacle.

In certain implementations, upon receiving a sensor signal indicative ofan obstacle, the robot is moved along a substantially straight line, ina direction opposite the received sensor signal. For example, the robotis moved along the substantially straight line by a distance of about 15mm to about 50 mm.

In some implementations, the speed of the coverage robot across thefloor in a cleaning mode is reduced (e.g., reduced based at least inpart on the received sensor signal indicative of the obstacle).

In another aspect, a mobile robot includes a chassis, a drive assemblycoupled to the chassis to move the robot across a cleaning surface, acleaning head arranged to remove debris from the floor over which therobot is driven, a first proximity sensor, and a controller incommunication with the drive assembly to control movement of the robotacross the cleaning surface. The chassis has a forward portion, a rearportion, and defines a fore-aft axis extending therebetween. The firstproximity sensor is configured to generate a signal indicative of anobject lateral to the robot as the robot moves across the cleaningsurface. The controller is configured to receive the signal from thefirst proximity sensor, rotate the robot away from the sensed obstacle,and identify the sensed obstacle based at least in part on thedetermined change in the received sensor signal.

Implementations of this aspect of the disclosure may include one or moreof the following features. In some implementations, a second proximitysensor is configured to generate a signal indicative of an objectlateral to the robot as the robot moves across the cleaning surface, andthe first and second proximity sensors are disposed on opposite sides ofthe fore-aft axis as the robot moves across the cleaning surface.

In certain implementations, the mobile robot includes a bumper carriedon a forward portion of the chassis, wherein the first and secondproximity sensors are disposed on the bumper. For example, the bumpercan have a right-most edge and a left-most edge, with the firstproximity sensor disposed toward the right-most edge of the bumper andthe second proximity sensor disposed toward the left-most edge of thebumper. Additionally or alternatively, a third proximity sensor isdisposed on the bumper between the first and second proximity sensors.The bumper can be movable relative to the chassis upon contact with anobstacle.

In some implementations, the first and second proximity sensors are eachdirected substantially parallel to the cleaning surface. Additionally oralternatively, the first and second proximity sensors are directed about180 degrees relative to one another.

In certain implementations, the first proximity sensor includes at leastone infrared emitter and receiver pair directed substantially parallelto the cleaning surface as the robot moves across the cleaning surface.

In still another aspect, a method of navigating an autonomous coveragerobot on a floor includes directing the robot to move across the floorin a first behavior mode, monitoring movement of the robot on the floorduring the first behavior mode, based at least in part on the monitoredmovement of the robot during the first behavior mode, determiningwhether the robot is confined, and upon determining that the robot isconfined, initiating a second behavior mode.

Implementations of this aspect of the disclosure may include one or moreof the following features. In some implementations, the first behaviormode includes one or more of the following behavior modes: a bouncemode, an obstacle following mode, and a spot coverage mode. Directingthe robot to move across the floor in the first behavior mode comprisessending an activation command to a motor carried by the robot, the motorarranged to power a wheel for moving the robot across the floor. Incertain implementations, the second behavior mode can be selected fromone or more of the following behavior modes: a bump following mode, awall-following mode, and an escape mode.

In some implementations, monitoring the movement of the robot on thefloor includes determining a plurality of positions of the robot on thefloor over a period of time. For example, determining a plurality ofpositions of the robot on the floor over a period of time can includereceiving a signal from a gyroscope carried by the robot and/orreceiving a signal from a wheel encoder arranged to monitor movement ofthe wheel.

In certain implementations, determining that the robot is confinedincludes determining that the heading of the robot has changed by about360 degrees or more and the linear movement of the robot is less thanabout 6 meters.

In still another aspect, a method of generating a local area map of acleaning surface includes controlling movement of an autonomous coveragerobot across the floor in a cleaning mode, receiving a sensor signalindicative of a first obstacle, upon receiving the sensor signalindicative of the first obstacle, moving the robot in a direction awayfrom the sensed first obstacle, receiving a sensor signal indicative ofa second obstacle, upon receiving the sensor signal indicative of thesecond obstacle, determining a relative position of the first obstacleto the second obstacle. Controlling movement of the autonomous coveragerobot is based at least in part on the determined relative position ofthe first obstacle to the second obstacle.

Implementations of this aspect of the disclosure may include one or moreof the following features. In some implementations, controlling movementof the autonomous coverage robot includes moving the autonomous coveragerobot in a direction away from the first and second obstacles if therelative position of the first obstacle to the second obstacle is lessthan a threshold distance. For example, the threshold distance can beabout equal to a largest dimension of the autonomous coverage robotparallel to the cleaning surface (e.g., the diameter of a substantiallycylindrical robot that is substantially circular as viewed from the topdown as the robot moves across the cleaning surface).

In certain implementations, a heading of the robot is determined uponreceiving the sensor signal indicative of the first obstacle.

In some implementations, controlling movement of the autonomous coveragerobot includes biasing movement of the robot toward the sensed headingas the robot moves relative to the first and/or second obstacle.

In certain implementations, determining a relative position of the firstobstacle to the second obstacle includes dead reckoning from the firstsensed obstacle to the second sensed obstacle. The dead reckoning can bebased at least in part upon a heading received from a gyroscope disposedon the robot. Additionally or alternatively, the dead reckoning can bebased at least in part upon measuring rotation of a wheel of theautonomous coverage robot as the autonomous coverage robot moves acrossthe surface. For example, measuring rotation of the wheel can includereceiving a signal from a wheel encoder.

In some implementations, controlling movement of the autonomous coveragerobot includes moving the autonomous coverage robot to avoid the firstand second obstacles. For example, moving the autonomous coverage robotto avoid the first and second obstacles can include moving theautonomous coverage robot in a direction away from the first and secondobstacles.

In certain implementations, the determined relative orientation of thefirst obstacle to the second obstacle is stored (e.g., in a memory).

In yet another aspect, a method of navigating an autonomous coveragerobot on a floor includes storing a heading of the autonomous coveragerobot, moving the autonomous coverage robot along the stored heading toan obstacle tangent to a turning circle of the autonomous coveragerobot, scanning a sensor carried on the autonomous coverage robot,receiving the scanned sensor signals, classifying the obstacle based atleast in part on the received scanned sensor signals, orbiting theautonomous coverage robot around at least a portion of the classifiedobstacle based at least in part on classification of the obstacle as apost, comparing the stored heading to the heading of the autonomouscoverage robot during orbiting of the classified obstacle, and resumingthe stored heading based at least in part on the comparison of thestored heading to the heading of the autonomous coverage robot duringorbiting.

In some implementations, resuming the stored heading includesinterrupting the orbit of the autonomous coverage robot if the headingof the autonomous coverage robot during orbiting equals the storedheading.

In certain implementations, resuming the stored heading includes turningthe autonomous coverage robot toward the stored heading. In someexamples, turning the autonomous coverage robot toward the storedheading can include turning the autonomous coverage robot in a directionopposite the direction of orbit of the autonomous coverage robot. Forexample, the autonomous coverage robot can orbit the classified obstacleuntil the difference between the stored heading and the heading of theautonomous coverage robot during the orbiting is a fixed value (e.g.,±45 degrees) and turning the autonomous coverage robot toward the storedheading can include turning the autonomous coverage robot in a directionopposite the direction of orbit until the heading of the autonomouscoverage robot matches the stored heading of the autonomous coveragerobot.

In some implementations, orbiting the autonomous coverage robot includesmoving the autonomous coverage robot with a radius greater than aturning perimeter of the autonomous coverage robot.

In certain implementations, classifying the obstacle based at least inpart on the received scanned sensor signals includes comparing thescanned sensor signals to an empirical model.

In some implementations, scanning the sensor carried on the autonomouscoverage robot includes turning the autonomous coverage robot to movethe sensor. Additionally or alternatively, scanning the sensor carriedon the autonomous coverage robot can include moving the sensor relativeto the autonomous coverage robot.

In certain implementations, the sensor comprises one or more of thefollowing: a camera, a laser, and a proximity sensor.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an above-perspective view of an example autonomous coveragerobot.

FIG. 2 shows a below-perspective view of the example autonomous coveragerobot of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 shows an exploded view of the example autonomous coverage robotof FIG. 1.

FIG. 4A shows a bumper of the example autonomous coverage robot of FIG.1.

FIG. 4B shows proximity sensors of the example autonomous coverage robotof FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 shows floor proximity sensors, kinetic bump sensors, and anattachment brace of the example autonomous coverage robot of FIG. 1.

FIG. 6A shows a block diagram of an example autonomous coverage robot.

FIG. 6B shows a flow chart of motion control of an example autonomouscoverage robot.

FIG. 6C shows a flow chart of clutter navigation of an exampleautonomous coverage robot.

FIG. 7 shows a flow chart of obstacle classification as anarbiter-selected motion control behavior of an example autonomouscoverage robot.

FIG. 8 shows a flow chart of obstacle classification in combination withpost-orbit behavior as an arbiter-selected motion control behavior of anexample autonomous coverage robot.

FIGS. 9A-9H show motion sequences of an example autonomous coveragerobot to identify and circumnavigate an object.

FIG. 10A shows a flow chart of an example of the obstacle classificationof FIG. 7.

FIG. 10B shows an example of obstacle classification based on theobstacle classification of FIG. 10A.

FIG. 11 shows a flow chart of an example of the obstacle classificationof FIG. 7.

FIG. 12 shows a flow chart of post navigation of an example autonomouscoverage robot.

FIG. 13 shows a flow chart of post orbiting of an example autonomouscoverage robot.

FIG. 14 shows a flow chart of post wiggle of an example autonomouscoverage robot.

FIG. 15 shows a flow chart of a caged robot virtual sensor of an exampleautonomous coverage robot.

Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIGS. 1-3 show above-perspective, below-perspective, and exploded viewsof an example autonomous coverage robot 100. Robot 100 includes achassis 102, a drive system 104, a main cleaning head 106 b, and acontroller 108. In some implementations, robot 100 includes an edgecleaning head 106 a. During use, controller 108 provides commands todrive system 104, main cleaning head 106 b, and edge cleaning head 106 ato move the robot 100 over a cleaning surface (e.g., a floor) to removedebris from the cleaning surface.

Referring to FIG. 1, chassis 102 includes a forward portion 103, a rearportion 105, and defines a fore-aft axis 101 therebetween. When therobot is placed on the cleaning surface, fore-aft axis 101 issubstantially parallel to the cleaning surface. Fore-aft axis 101divides chassis 102 into a right portion 107 and a left portion 111.

Referring again to FIGS. 1-3, drive system 104 is mounted on chassis102, and is a differential drive (left and right wheels near to or onthe center diameter of the robot and independently speed controllable)configured to maneuver robot 100. Edge cleaning head 106 a can bemounted to extend past the side edge of chassis 102 for removing dirtand debris below and immediately adjacent to robot 100, and moreparticularly to sweep dirt and debris into the cleaning path of maincleaning head 106 b as the robot cleans in a forward direction. In someimplementations, main or edge cleaning heads 106 b, 106 a may also beused to apply surface treatments (e.g., water and/or detergent).Controller 108 (also depicted in FIG. 5A) is carried by chassis 102 andis controlled by behavior based robotics to provide commands to thecomponents of robot 100 based on sensor readings or directives, asdescribed below, to navigate around obstacles, clean, and/or treatfloors in an autonomous fashion. A battery 109 may provide a source ofpower for robot 100 and its subsystems. A bottom cover 110 may protectinternal portions of robot 100 and keep out dust and debris.

Drive system 104 includes a right drive wheel assembly 112 and a leftdrive wheel assembly 114. Each drive wheel assembly 112, 114 includes awheel 113 and a motor 115 coupled to the wheel 113 to drive the wheel113. Drive wheel assemblies 112, 114 are connected to chassis 102 andsupport at least a portion of the chassis 102 above a cleaning surface.In certain implementations, main cleaning assembly 106 b and/or edgecleaning head 106 a support at least a portion of the of the chassis 102above the cleaning surface. Additionally or alternatively, robot 100 caninclude a castor wheel assembly 116 supporting at least a portion of therobot 100 above the cleaning surface.

Controller 108 may provide commands to drive system to drive wheelassemblies 112 and 114 forward or backwards to maneuver robot 100. Forinstance, a command may be issued by controller 108 to engage both wheelassemblies 112, 114 in a forward direction, resulting in forward motionof robot 100. In another instance, a command may be issued for a leftturn that causes left wheel assembly 114 to be engaged in the forwarddirection while right wheel assembly 112 is driven in the reardirection, resulting in robot 100 making a clockwise turn when viewedfrom above. In yet another instance, an analogous command may be issuedfor a right turn that results in robot 100 making a counterclockwiseturn when viewed from above. As described in further detail below,controller 108 may combine the forward, reverse, right, and/or leftcommands to the wheel assemblies to circumnavigate robot 100 around oneor more obstacles encountered as robot 100 moves across a cleaningsurface.

Referring to FIGS. 4A-B, a bumper 130 may be used with robot 100.Proximity sensors 134A-D are housed within bumper 130 and directedsubstantially parallel to the cleaning surface to sense a potentialobstacle lateral to the robot (e.g., in front of the robot as the robotmoves in a forward path of travel along the cleaning surface). Forexample, proximity sensors 134A-D may be oriented to sense a potentialobstacle about 1 inch to about ten inches lateral to (e.g., in front of)robot 100. In some implementations, each proximity sensor 134A-Dincludes an infrared emitter detector pair that should go off (i.e.,when a receiver receives a reflection originating in the overlappingspace of an emitter and receiver angled toward one another) from about 1to 10 inches (preferably, from 1 to 4 inches). Such a proximity detectorincluding an infrared emitter/detector pair is disclosed in U.S. Pat.No. 7,441,298, entitled “Coverage Robot Mobility,” the entire content ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

At least two of proximity sensors (e.g., proximity sensors 134A and134D) are disposed along respective end portions 135 a,b of bumper 130(e.g., along the right-most and left-most portions of bumper 130) suchthat the proximity sensors 134A and 134D are directed about 180 degreesrelative to one another. In this orientation, proximity sensors 134A and134D span the width of robot 100 as the robot moves along the fore-aftaxis 101. Such positioning of proximity sensors 134A and 134D reducesthe “blind spot” of the robot 100 by, for example, reducing thelikelihood that robot 100 will not detect an obstacle in its path as itmoves in a forward direction of travel.

Referring to FIG. 5, an attachment brace 142 may be used to supportkinetic bump sensors 132 and floor proximity sensors 140 on robot 100.Kinetic bump sensors 132 may sense collisions between robot 100 andobjects in the robot's forward path. Floor proximity sensors may becarried by chassis 102 and be used to sense when robot 100 is near a“cliff”, such as a set of stairs. Floor proximity sensors 140 may sendsignals to controller 108 indicating whether or not a cliff is detected.Based on signals from the floor proximity sensors 140, controller 108may direct drive system 104 to change speed or velocity to avoid thecliff.

Bumper 130 may be movably supported on the forward portion 103 ofchassis 102 such that at least a portion of bumper 130 moves a shortdistance toward chassis 102 upon contact with an obstacle. Movement ofthe bumper 130 can allow the bumper to contact one or more kinetic bumpsensors 132 to produce a signal indicative of a bumped object.

Referring to FIG. 6A, electronics of the robot 100 include thecontroller 108 which communicates with a bumper micro-controller 137.Together, the controller 108 and the bumper micro-controller 137 controlan omni-directional receiver, directional receiver, wall proximitysensors 134A-D, and kinetic bumper switches 132. The controller 108monitors all other sensor inputs including, for example, cliff sensorsand motor current sensors for each drive wheel assembly 112, 114.

Control of the direction and speed of the robot 100 may be handled bymotion control behaviors selected by an arbiter according to theprinciples of behavior based robotics for coverage and confinement,generally disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,809,490 and 6,781,338, hereinincorporated by reference in their entireties (and executed bycontroller 108), to reduce the speed magnitude of robot 100 whenproximity sensor 134 detects a potential obstacle. The motion controlbehaviors directed by the controller 108 may also alter the velocity ofrobot 100 when kinetic bump sensors 132 detect a collision of robot 100with an obstacle.

For example, referring to FIG. 6B, motion control 900 of the controller108 includes directing robot 100 to traverse 902 a cleaning surface in acoverage mode. For example, the controller may direct the robot 100 totraverse 902 the cleaning surface in one or more of the followingcoverage modes: SPOT COVERAGE; RANDOM; and STRAIGHT. These coveragemodes are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,809,490, entitled “Method andSystem for Multi-Mode Coverage for an Autonomous Robot,” the entirecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Controller 108 detects 904 a proximate obstacle by receiving a signalfrom one or more of proximity sensors 134A-D and/or from one or more ofthe kinetic bump sensors 132. The controller 108 determines theapproximate orientation of robot 100 relative to the detected 904obstacle based at least in part on the sensors 134A-D, 132 that generatesignals indicative of the obstacle. For example, received signals fromsensor 134D disposed to the right of fore-aft axis 101 is indicative ofan obstacle to the right of robot 100.

The controller 108 determines 905 whether robot 100 is contacting theobstacle. The determination 905 can be based at least in part on whetherthe controller receives a signal from proximity sensors 134A-D and/orfrom the kinetic bump sensor 132. For example, if the controller 108receives only a signal from one of the proximity sensors 134A-D but notfrom kinetic bump sensor 132, the controller 108 determines 905 that therobot 100 is proximate to, but not yet contacting, the obstacle. Asanother example, if the controller 108 receives a signal from thekinetic bump sensor 132 (e.g., alone or in combination with theproximity sensors 134A-D), the controller 108 determines 905 that therobot is proximate to and contacting the obstacle.

When controller 108 determines 905 a proximate, but not yet contacting,obstacle (e.g., via proximity sensors 134A-D), controller 108 executes agentle touch routine 901 (which may be a behavior, a part of a behavior,or formed by more than one behavior). The controller 108 reduces 906 thespeed of robot 100 such that robot 100 does not proceed at full cleaningspeed into the sensed obstacle. In some implementations, the speed ofrobot 100 is reduced 906 by decreasing the amount of power provided tothe drive wheel assemblies 112, 114. For example, the controller 108reduces 906 the approach speed of the robot from a full cleaning speedof about 300 mm/sec to a reduced cleaning speed of about 100 mm/sec.Such a reduction in cleaning speed can reduce the overall noise, thepotential damage to robot 100, and/or the potential damage to the sensedobstacle.

When controller 108 detects 905 contact with the obstacle at full speedvia kinetic bump sensors 132 or when controller 108 detects 908 contactwith the obstacle at reduced speed via kinetic bump sensors 1032,controller 108 may execute one or more arbiter-selected motion controlbehaviors 918. Examples of arbiter-selected motion control behaviors 918are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,809,490, entitled “Method and Systemfor Multi-Mode Coverage for an Autonomous Robot,” and U.S. Pat. No.7,441,298, entitled “Coverage Robot Mobility,” the entire contents ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.Additionally or alternatively, the arbiter-selected motion controlbehavior 918 includes clutter navigation, as described below.

Clutter navigation includes one or more behaviors that react to aspectsof an environment to maneuver robot 100 efficiently through theenvironment (e.g., through obstacles disposed along the environment).For example, clutter navigation can reduce, on average, cycle-to-cyclevariation and single n-pass coverage variation. Additionally oralternatively, clutter navigation can reduce the number of high impactcollisions that could otherwise occur as robot 100 moves throughcluttered areas.

Referring to FIG. 6C, in one example, clutter navigation 950 includesmoving 952 robot 100 along a heading and speed setting, detecting 954 acluttered area, maneuvering 956 robot 100 through the cluttered area,and resuming 958 the heading and speed setting. Resuming 958 the headingand speed setting of robot 100 can include returning to the heading andspeed setting, for example, if an obstacle has not been detected 954 fora period of time (e.g., a fixed period of time).

Moving 952 robot 100 along the heading and speed setting can be carriedout as part of a cleaning mode or as part of another arbiter-selectedmotion control behavior. The heading of robot 100 can be controlled bycomparing the heading setting to the actual heading measured by one ormore of the wheel encoders 121 a, 121 b, 121 c and/or by the gyroscope119 (see FIG. 3) and, based at least on this comparison, adjustingmovement of one or more of drive wheel assemblies 112 and 114. The speedof robot 100 can be controlled by comparing the speed setting to theactual speed measured, for example, by one or more wheel encoders 121 a,121 b, 121 c.

Detecting 954 the cluttered area can include receiving a signal from oneor more triggers such as, for example, detected contact with an obstacle(see FIG. 6B). In some implementations, detecting 954 the cluttered areaincludes optical detection (e.g., by proximity sensors 134A-D in FIG.4B) of an obstacle.

Maneuvering 956 robot 100 through the cluttered area can includereducing the speed setting of robot 100 (e.g., from about 300 mm/s toabout 100 mm/s). Additionally or alternatively, maneuvering 956 robot100 through the cluttered area can include moving robot 100 arounddetected obstacles while biasing movement of robot 100 toward theheading setting. In certain implementations, robot 100 maneuvers 956through the cluttered area only after a fixed period after startup(e.g., after about 10 seconds to about one minute after startup).Additionally or alternatively, robot 100 maneuvers 956 through thecluttered area only before a fixed period after startup such that, forexample, robot 100 will not attempt to maneuver 956 through thecluttered area if robot 100 is near the end of a cleaning cycle. In someimplementations, robot 100 will not attempt to maneuver 956 through thecluttered area if the state-of-charge of battery 109 (shown in FIG. 3)is above a threshold.

Maneuvering 956 robot 100 may, in some instances, include directingrobot 100 to move around the obstacle in response to detection of theobstacle (e.g., in response to contact with the obstacle). For example,robot 100 may move in a somewhat semi-circular path around the object,or a succession of alternating partial spirals (e.g., arcs withprogressively decreasing radius). In another instance, robot 100 maymove away from the object and then move in a direction that is somewhattangential to the object. Additionally or alternatively, as described infurther detail below, maneuvering 956 may include classification of theobstacle based at least in part upon signals received by controller 108from one or more sensors carried on robot 100 (e.g., signals from one ormore proximity sensors 134A-D) and maneuvering robot 100 based at leastin part on the classification.

Referring to FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C and 7, arbiter-selected motion controlbehavior 918 can include obstacle classification 1000 (e.g., as part ofclutter navigation 950) such that, during use, controller 108 moves 902robot 100 across the floor in a cleaning mode, detects 908 contact withthe obstacle and, based at least in part on the detected 908 contactwith the obstacle, initiates an arbiter-selected motion control behavior918, which can include obstacle classification 1000. The contact withthe obstacle is detected 908 by kinetic bump sensor 132. As describedbelow, the obstacle classification 1000 is based at least in part on theproximity sensors 134A and/or 134D.

Obstacle classification 1000 includes receiving 1001 a sensor signalindicating proximity of an obstacle, rotating 1002 the sensor (e.g. byrotating robot 100 and/or by rotating the sensor) relative to thereceived sensor signal indicative of the proximate obstacle, determining1004 a change in the received sensor signal during at least a portion ofthe rotation of robot 100, and identifying 1006 the sensed obstaclebased at least in part on the determined change in the received sensorsignal. As described below, obstacle classification 1000 can determine,for example, whether the sensed obstacle is a post or a wall (or awall-like structure). In some implementations, such a determinationfacilitates efficient movement of robot 100 through a cluttered area by,for example, allowing controller 108 to determine the potentialeffectiveness of moving robot 100 through one or more circumnavigationbehaviors to maintain substantially a heading setting of robot 100through the cluttered area.

Receiving 1001 a sensor signal indicative of an obstacle includesreceiving a signal from the one or more proximity sensors 134A-D (seeFIG. 4B). However, in some implementations, the robot 100 is moved awayfrom the contact 908 signal (representative of the obstacle) beforereceiving 1001 the signal from the proximity sensors 134A-D. Movingrobot 100 away from contact 908 can improve the signal strength receivedby proximity sensors 134A-D. For example, based at least upon receivingcontact 908 signal, robot 100 can be initially moved away from thedetected obstacle by a distance of about 15 mm to about 50 mm (e.g., 38mm). In some instances, robot 100 is moved in a reverse direction by adistance that is less than half of a fore-aft dimension of robot 100.Such a ratio between the reverse movement of robot 100 and a fore-aftdimension of robot 100 can reduce the likelihood that robot 100 willencounter an obstacle and/or cliff as it moves in the reverse direction.In certain implementations, robot 100 is moved in a reverse directionaway from the contact 908 signal until the received 1001 sensor signalfrom the one or more proximity sensors 134A-D is above a threshold.Additionally or alternatively, robot 100 is moved generally away (e.g.,generally backwards with corrections in a forward direction) from thecontact 908 signal until the strength of the received 1001 sensor signalfrom the one or more proximity sensors 134A-D is about at a maximumvalue.

Rotation 1002 of the sensor can include rotating robot 100 away from thereceived 1001 sensor signal from one or more proximity sensors 134A-Dand, thus, can be in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction.For example, if the received 1001 signal corresponds to the proximitysensor 134A disposed toward the left of robot 100 (e.g., to the left offore-aft axis shown in 130), rotation 1002 can be in the clockwisedirection. Robot 100 can move in an analogous counterclockwise directionin response to receiving 1001 a signal from the proximity sensor 134Ddisposed toward the right of robot 100 (e.g., to the right of fore-aftaxis 101 shown in FIGS. 1-2). In some implementations, the clockwise orcounterclockwise rotation 1002 is achieved by directing drive system 104(in FIGS. 2-3) to rotate robot 100 in place as described above. Incertain implementations, rotation 1002 is part of another behavior suchas, for example, an escape behavior, an obstacle avoidance behavior,and/or a cleaning behavior.

Determining 1004 a change in the received 1001 sensor signal during atleast a portion of the rotation of robot 100 can include determining anincrease in the received 1001 sensor signal from one of proximitysensors 134A-D. Additionally or alternatively, determining 1004 a changein the received 1001 sensor signal during at least a portion of therotation of the robot 100 can include determining a peak in the strengthof the received sensor signal.

In some implementations, determining 1004 a change in the received 1001sensor signal includes comparing a substantially instantaneous value ofthe received 1001 sensor signal to a processed (e.g., low-pass filtered)value of the received 1001 sensor signal. Such a comparison of aninstantaneous signal to a processed signal can reduce the likelihood offalse-positive determinations (e.g., of an increase or of a peak value)resulting from noisy or otherwise highly variable sensor signals.

Identifying 1006 the sensed obstacle includes classifying the obstaclebased at least in part on the determined 1004 change in the receivedsensor signal. In some implementations, the determined 1004 change inthe received sensor signal can be representative of an angular width ofthe obstacle in a direction facing robot 100. For example, if thedetermined 1004 change in the received sensor signal is representativeof an angular width less than a threshold value (e.g., less than aboutAdditionally or alternatively, in certain implementations described infurther detail below, the identification 1006 can be based at least inpart on an increase in the received 1001 sensor signal and on thedetermined peak in the received 1001 sensor signal.

FIGS. 8 shows arbiter-selected motion control behavior 918 in whichobstacle classification 1000 is combined with a post-orbit routine 1250to move robot 100 around an obstacle that has been identified as a post.

In general, referring to FIG. 8, a heading H is stored 1402, robot 100is moved 1404 along the stored heading H to an obstacle, a sensor (e.g.,one or more of proximity sensors 134A-D) is scanned 1406. As describedin further detail below, a determination 1410 is made regarding whetherthe obstacle is a post. If the determination 1410 is that the obstacleis not a post, robot 100 wall follows 1414 or moves according to one ormore other arbiter-selected motion control behaviors. If thedetermination 1410 indicates that the obstacle is a post, the robot ismoved according to a post-orbit routine 1250.

The post-orbit routine 1250 is described in further detail below.However, in general, the post-orbit routine 1250 includes orbiting 1408the post, until the determination 1410 is made that the differencebetween the stored 1402 heading and the current heading of robot 100 isequal to a threshold (e.g., zero and/or a non-zero value), and resuming1412 the stored 1402 heading when the determination 1410 of thethreshold condition is met.

FIGS. 9A-9H show the sequence of movements of robot 100 during thecombined obstacle classification 1000 and a post-orbit routine 1250 tomove robot 100 around an obstacle that has been identified as a post.The sequence of movements shown in these figures shows theclassification of a post using the left-most proximity sensor 134A andcounterclockwise orbiting of the post. However, it should be appreciatedthat classification and orbiting of a post can be achieved by using theright-most proximity sensor 134D, with the directions of rotationreversed.

As shown in FIG. 9A, robot 100 moves along a stored heading H untilrobot 100 is proximate to a post 133. For example, robot 100 can movealong the stored heading H until one or more kinetic bump sensors 132detect the post 133. Additionally or alternatively, robot 100 can movealong the stored heading H until one or more proximity sensors 134A-134Ddetect post 133.

As shown in FIG. 9B, in some implementations, robot 100 backs away(e.g., directly opposite stored heading H) from post 133 after detectingproximity of post 133. The movement of robot 100 away from post 133 canallow proximity sensors 134A and 134D to be positioned sufficiently farfrom post 133 for optimal signal strength. Additionally oralternatively, such movement of robot 100 away from post 133 can reducethe likelihood that robot 100 would scrape or otherwise disturb post 133as robot 100 orbits post 133.

As shown in FIG. 9C, robot 100 is rotated in the direction of aproximity sensor disposed substantially on an end of robot 100. Forexample, robot 100 can be rotated toward proximity sensor 134A orproximity sensor 134D (each disposed substantially opposite one anotheron respective left and right sides of robot 100). In the instance shownin FIG. 9C, robot 100 is rotated clockwise toward the proximity sensor(proximity sensor 134A) that was closest to the position in which post133 was detected. Such rotation of robot 100 toward the closest of theend proximity sensors 134A or 134D can, for example, reduce the timerequired to identify post 133 by reducing the amount of rotationrequired during obstacle classification 1000.

As shown in FIGS. 9C and 9D, robot 100 is rotated clockwise such thatproximity sensor 134A moves past post 133. As described in furtherdetail below with respect to the obstacle classification routine 1000,the signal received by robot 100 during the movement shown in FIGS. 9Cand 9D allows robot 100 to determine the angular width of post 133. Ifthe angular width is less than a threshold, the obstacle is classifiedas a post. It should be appreciated that the classification of anobstacle as a post does not necessarily require the object to be anactual post. Instead, the classification of an obstacle as a post isused herein as nomenclature for an object that can be circumnavigatedlike a post of similar width.

As shown in FIG. 9E, following the movement shown in FIGS. 9C and 9D,robot 100 is rotated counterclockwise to align the forward direction oftravel parallel to the line tangent to the post 133 at the initial pointof collision. This perpendicular alignment of robot 100 relative to post133 can be achieved based on the known position of proximity sensor 134Aand the sensed angular position of post 133. For example, at the end ofthe clockwise movement shown in FIG. 9D, the angular position ofproximity sensor 134A is known relative to post 133 and the angularoffset of the proximity sensor 134A is known relative to the geometry ofrobot 100. Therefore, perpendicular alignment of robot 100 can beachieved by rotating in place such that the forward direction of travelis parallel to the line tangent to post 133 at the point of initialcollision. For example, once the angular position post 133 is determinedby rotating robot 100 clockwise in place such that the proximity sensor134A detects a peak signal at the end of obstacle classification 1000(as shown in FIG. 9D), alignment of robot 100 is achieved by rotatingcounterclockwise in place by about 20 degrees for parallel alignment ofthe forward direction of the robot 100 with the line tangent to post 133at the point of the initial collision (as shown in FIG. 9E).

As shown in FIG. 9F, with robot 100 perpendicularly aligned with post133, robot 100 can be orbited around post 133. For example, robot 100can be orbited around post 133 by moving robot 100 in a counterclockwisedirection with a turning radius greater than or equal to the diameter ofrobot 100. This can facilitate movement of robot 100 around at least aportion of post 133 to clean near post 133.

As shown in FIG. 9G, the orbiting initiated in FIG. 9F can continueuntil the instantaneous heading of robot 100 is equal to stored headingH and then robot 100 can move along stored heading H on a path that issubstantially tangential to post 133. Such movement of robot 100 aroundpost 133 can facilitate moving robot 100 along cleaning paths that areas long as possible (e.g., to maximize the amount of cleaning surfacecovered over a given period of time).

Additionally or alternatively, as shown in FIG. 9H, the orbitinginitiated in FIG. 9F can continue until the difference between storedheading H and the instantaneous heading of robot 100 is equal to athreshold value. For example, robot 100 can be orbited around post 133until the absolute value of the difference between the stored heading Hand the instantaneous heading of robot 100 is equal to about 45 degrees.When this threshold condition is met, robot 100 can be rotated in placein the clockwise direction (i.e., the direction opposite the directionof orbit) to move robot 100 back toward stored heading H. This clockwiserotation of robot 100 back toward stored heading H can continue untilthe instantaneous heading of robot 100 is equal to stored heading H.Robot 100 can then continue along stored heading H. Thus, in theseimplementations, the net movement of robot 100 is to orbit robot 100around post 133 to a position past stored heading H and then rotaterobot 100 in place back toward stored heading H until the instantaneousheading of robot 100 is equal to stored heading H.

FIGS. 10A-10B show an example of obstacle classification 1000 used todistinguish a white chair leg from a white wall. In this example,obstacle classification 1000 is initiated if the drive radius is lessthan about 2000 mm (e.g., less than about 1300 mm) and includesinitializing 1003 a first A0 and a second A1 stored heading setting tozero.

Rotation 1002 of robot 100 away from the obstacle includes adetermination 1110 of whether the robot is rotating in a clockwisedirection. If robot 100 is determined 1110 to be rotating in a clockwisedirection, the signal from the left-most proximity sensor 134A (shown inFIG. 4B) is processed. The signal from the right-most proximity sensor134D (shown in FIG. 4B) is processed if robot 100 is determined to berotating in the counterclockwise direction.

Determination 1004 of change in the received sensor signal includesreceiving 1112 a substantially instantaneous sensor signal from theright-most 134A or left-most proximity sensor 134D. The instantaneoussensor signal is low-pass filtered 1114 such that the instantaneoussensor signal can be compared to the low-pass filtered 1114. Asdescribed in further detail below, the estimated angular width of theproximate obstacle is based at least in part on a comparison of thereceived 1112 and low-pass filtered 1114.

If the first stored heading setting A0 is determined 1116 to be at theinitial value, controller 108 monitors 1122 whether the sensed signalfrom the proximity sensor 134A or 134D is at a rising edge 1150 a,b.Monitoring 1122 for a rising edge (e.g., rising edges 1150 a,b in FIG.10B) includes comparing the difference between the received 1112 andlow-pass filtered 1114 signals to a threshold (e.g. a non-zero value).If the difference is greater than the threshold, the first storedheading setting A0 is set 1124 to the current heading setting of therotating robot 100. The current heading setting can be determined, forexample, by the gyroscope 119 and/or by the one or more wheel encoders121 a,b,c (see FIG. 3).

If the first stored heading setting A0 is determined 1116 to be a valueother than the initial value, controller 108 monitors 1118 whether thesensed signal from the proximity sensor 134A or 134D is at an inflectionpoint (e.g., inflection points 1152 a,b in FIG. 10B). Monitoring 1118for an inflection point 1152 a,b includes comparing the differencebetween the received 1112 and low-pass filtered 1114 signals to athreshold. If the difference is less than the threshold, the secondstored heading setting A1 is set 1120 to the current heading setting ofthe rotating robot 100.

In some implementations, the threshold for monitoring 1122 for a risingedge is equal to the threshold for monitoring 1118 for an inflectionpoint. Each of these thresholds can be greater than zero to reduce thelikelihood of false positive determinations of rising edges and/orinflection points. In some implementations, one or both of thethresholds are set as part of a calibration process including receiving1112 instantaneous and low-pass filtered 1114 sensor signals reflectedfrom proximity sensor 134A or 134D directed at an object of knownangular width.

Identifying 1006 the sensed obstacle includes calculating 1126 theangular width of the sensed obstacle, comparing 1128 the calculated 1126angular width of the sensed obstacle to a threshold, and determining1130 that the obstacle is a post (or, more generally, an object with theangular width characteristic of a post) if the calculated 1126 angularwidth of the sensed obstacle is less than the threshold. If thecalculated 1126 angular width of the sensed obstacle is greater than orequal to the threshold, the obstacle is determined 1132 to be a wall (oranother similarly wide object).

Calculating 1126 the angular width of the sensed obstacle is based atleast in part on the absolute value of the difference between the firstand second stored heading settings A0,A1. The absolute value of thedifference between the first and second stored heading settings A0,A1 ishalf the angular width of the obstacle. It will be appreciated that thishalved value of the angular width can be used as a proxy for the fullangular width of the obstacle. Thus, unless specified to the contrary,the term angular width is used interchangeably herein in reference tothe full angular width of the obstacle and the halved angular width ofthe obstacle.

The threshold used for comparison 1128 to the calculated 1126 angularwidth can be set based at least in part on the strength of the received1001 sensor signal. For example, if the received 1001 sensor signal isweak, the threshold can be increased such that robot 100 will be lesslikely to execute a post-navigation or other circumnavigation behaviorbased on such a weak signal. In some implementations, the threshold usedfor comparison 1128 can be based at least in part on the calculatedangular width of the obstacle.

FIG. 10B shows the received 1001 sensor signal as a function of anglefor white chair leg 1151 and a white wall 1153. For the received 1001signal corresponding to the white chair let 1151, the rising edge 1150 aoccurs at about 15 degrees and the inflection point 1152 a occurs atabout 20 degrees, resulting in a calculated 1126 angular width of 5degrees. For the received 1001 signal corresponding to the white wall1153, the rising edge 1150 b occurs at about 13 degrees and theinflection point 1152 b occurs at about 50 degrees, resulting in acalculated 1126 angular width of 37 degrees. Thus, in this example, thethreshold used for comparison 1128 to the angular width can be setbetween about 5 degrees to about 37 degrees to distinguish a post (e.g.,a chair leg) from a wall.

In some implementations, upon determination 1132 that the obstacle is awall, a wall-following behavior can be used to move robot 100 along thewall at a substantially fixed distance to the wall by changing a turningradius of robot 100. For example, such a change in turning radius caninclude turning robot 100 in a first direction away from the sensedobstacle until the sensed obstacle is no longer detected and thenturning robot 100 in a second direction toward the sensed obstacle. Thiswall-following behavior is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,388,343,entitled “Method and System for Multi-Mode Coverage for an AutonomousRobot,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein byreference.

In certain implementations, upon determination 1132 that the obstacle isa wall, a bounce behavior can be used to move robot 100 away from thewall to continue cleaning the cleaning surface. This bounce behavior isdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,388,343, entitled “Method and System forMulti-Mode Coverage for an Autonomous Robot,” the entire contents ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference.

Further details regarding the operation of this aspect of the sensorsubsystem 50, as well as alternative embodiments of sensors havingutility in detecting contact with or proximity to stationary objects orobstacles can be found in commonly-owned, co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/056,804, filed Jan. 24, 2002, entitled METHODAND SYSTEM FOR MULTI-MODE COVERAGE FOR AN AUTONOMOUS ROBOT.

Upon determination 1130 that the obstacle is a post, robot can attemptto maneuver around the post through execution of one or morepost-navigation behaviors. As described in further detail below, thesepost navigation behaviors can include post-orbit behaviors formaneuvering around the identified post and post-wiggle behaviors formaneuvering through small openings between obstacles.

FIG. 11 shows an example of obstacle classification 1000 using a movablesensor carried by robot 100. In this example, obstacle classification1000 is initiated if the drive radius is less than about 2000 mm (e.g.,less than about 1300 mm) and includes initializing 1003 a first A0 and asecond A1 stored heading setting to zero.

Rotation 1002 of the sensor away from the obstacle includes moving 1110′a sensor (e.g., an acoustic sensor and/or a vision-based sensor such asa camera, scanner, infrared, or laser) carried on robot 100. Forexample, one or more of proximity sensors 134A can be a vision-basedsensor movable relative to robot 100 to span a field of view (e.g., afield of view ahead of robot 100). In some implementations, moving 1110′the vision-based sensor includes sweeping it across a 180 degree fieldof view forward of robot 100 in the direction of stored heading H. Suchrotation of the vision-based sensor can be done while robot 100 remainsstationary, which can reduce the amount of time required for obstacleclassification 1000.

Determination 1004 of change in the received sensor signal includesreceiving 1113 signals (e.g., images) from the vision-based sensor andextracting 1115 features from these signals. For example, inimplementations in which the vision-based sensor is a camera, featurescan be extracted 1115 from the signals (images) obtained by the camerathrough the use of a Hough transform or other line classifier. In someimplementations, the features extracted 1115 from the signals received1113 from the vision-based sensor include a threshold determination ofan edge of an obstacle and an inflection point correspondingapproximately to a center of the width of the obstacle. The angle of thevision-based sensor corresponding to the threshold is set 1117 to A0.Similarly, the angle of the vision-based sensor corresponding to theinflection point is set 1119 to A1.

In this implementation, identifying 1006 the sensed obstacle based atleast in part on the determined change in the received sensor signal canbe achieved as described above with respect to FIGS. 10A-10B.

Referring to FIGS. 12-14, post navigation 1200 includes post-orbiting1250 robot 100 and evaluating 1252 whether post-orbiting 1250 movedrobot 100 around the obstacle. If post-orbiting 1250 is unsuccessful,determination 1254 is made regarding whether to retry post-orbiting1250. If the robot 100 is determined 1256 to be near a possible smallopening, robot 100 is post-wiggled 1300 to attempt to move through thepossible small opening. The success of the post-wiggle 1300 is evaluated1258 to determine whether robot 100 has maneuvered through the possiblesmall opening. If post-wiggle 1300 is unsuccessful, determination 1260is made regarding whether to retry post-wiggle 1300.

In some implementations, each determination 1254 and 1260 of whether toretry is based on whether the number of attempts has exceeded a fixednumber of attempts. In certain implementations, each determination 1254and 1260 of whether to retry is based on whether the number of attemptshas exceeded a threshold proportional to the angular width of the postsuch that more attempts to execute the post-orbit 1250 and/orpost-wiggle 1300 behaviors will be made for obstacles with largerangular widths. Additionally or alternatively, each determination 1254and 1260 of whether to retry is based on whether the number of attemptshas exceeded a threshold that decreases based on the amount of timerobot 100 has been in operation in a cleaning mode.

As described above with respect to FIGS. 9A-9H, post-orbit 1250 can moverobot 100 around an obstacle identified as a post such that robot 100can resume the heading setting and, in some instances, the speed settingof robot 100 at the initial collision with the obstacle. Post orbit 1250includes rotating 1262 robot 100 to align the forward direction oftravel of robot 100 to be parallel to the tangent at the point ofinitial collision with post 133, orbiting 1264 in a direction oppositeto the rotation 1262 for alignment, and determining 1266 whether theheading of robot 100 is equal to a threshold value. If the heading ofrobot 100 is determined 1266 to be different from the threshold valueand the number of attempts to orbit the post is determined 1268 to beless than or equal to a maximum number, the orbit radius isprogressively increased 1270. If the heading of robot 100 is determined1266 to be different from the threshold value and the number of attemptsto orbit the post is determined 1268 to be greater than the maximumnumber, robot 100 is turned 1280 through a large radius.

Rotating 1262 robot 100 to align the forward direction of travel to beparallel to the line tangent to post 133 at the point of initialcollision includes rotating robot 100, as described above with respectto FIGS. 9A-9H.

Orbiting 1264 robot 100 in a direction opposite to rotation 1262 foralignment can include directing robot to turn toward the sensedobstacle. For example, if proximity sensor 134A (FIG. 4B) of robot 100sensed the obstacle, orbiting 1264 includes rotating robot 100 in acounterclockwise direction, as viewed from above robot 100. In instancesin which robot 100 is substantially cylindrical, orbiting 1264 caninclude turning robot 100 with a radius about equal to or slightlylarger than (e.g., 1.8 times) the radius of robot 100. Additionally oralternatively, orbiting 1264 can include turning robot 100 with a radiusbased at least in part on the determined angular width of the obstacle.For example, robot 100 can be turned with a radius proportional to thedetermined angular width of the obstacle.

In some implementations, determining 1266 whether the heading of robot100 is equal to a threshold value can include determining whether theheading of robot 100 is equal to the stored heading of the robot. Inthese embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 9F-9Q robot 100 is orbited aboutpost 133 until the instantaneous heading of robot 100 is equal to thestored heading H, at which point the orbiting of robot 100 isinterrupted and robot 100 moves along stored heading H on a pathparallel to the original path prior to collision. Such circumnavigationof robot 100 about post 133 can reduce the amount of time require tomove robot 100 past post 133, while still allowing robot 100 to cleannear post 133.

In certain implementations, determining 1266 whether the heading ofrobot 100 is equal to a threshold value can include determining whetherdifference between the stored heading H and the instantaneous heading ofthe orbiting robot 100 is equal to a threshold value (e.g., ±45degrees). In these embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 9F and 9H, robot 100is orbited about post 133 until the instantaneous heading of robot 100differs from the stored heading H by a threshold value (e.g., anabsolute value to account for clockwise and counterclockwise rotation),at which point the orbiting of robot 100 is interrupted and robot 100 isturned in the direction opposite the direction of orbit (FIG. 9H) untilthe instantaneous heading of robot 100 equals the stored heading H.Robot 100 then continues along stored heading H. Such circumnavigationof robot 100 about post 133 improve the coverage of robot 100 in thevicinity of post 133, for example, by allowing robot 100 to move about alarger portion of the circumference of post 133.

Progressively increasing 1270 the orbit radius identifying 1272 whichkinetic bump sensors 132 was triggered as robot 100 attempted to orbitthe post (e.g., which kinetic bump sensor 132 corresponds to the bumpthat prevented robot 100 from resuming the initial heading). Forexample, in the implementations shown in FIG. 10, identification 1272 isbetween an orbit-side kinetic bump sensor 132, a far-side kinetic bumpsensor 132, and a center kinetic bump sensor 132.

If the identified kinetic bump sensor 132 is on the orbit-side of robot100 (e.g., on the left side of robot 100 during a counterclockwise turnor on the right side of robot 100 during a clockwise turn), the orbitradius is increased 1274. For example, the orbit radius can be increasedby about 10 mm to about 100 mm per attempt. Additionally oralternatively, the orbit radius can be increased during each attempt byan amount proportional to the angular width of the detected post suchthat the increased 1274 in orbit radius is larger for posts of largerangular width than it is for posts of smaller angular width.

If the identified kinetic bump sensor 132 is on the far-side of robot100 (e.g., on the right side of robot 100 during a counterclockwise turnor on the left side of robot 100 during a clockwise turn), a post-wiggletrigger is set 1276. If robot 100 fails to move around the post bypost-orbit 1250, this post-wiggle trigger can allow robot 100 to executepost-wiggle 1300, as described below.

If the identified kinetic bump sensor 132 is on the center of robot 100,number of attempts is set 1278 to the maximum number of attempts suchthat the robot 100 will make one more attempt to orbit the post beforerobot 100 is turned 1280 through a large radius.

Turning 1280 robot 100 through a large radius can reduce the time andenergy spent by robot 100 in making unsuccessful attempts to orbit thepost. For example, turning 1280 robot 100 through a large radius canfacilitate movement of robot 100 past an irregularly shaped post. Insome implementations, robot 100 is turned 1280 through an arc with aradius of about 100 mm to about 500 mm (e.g., about 150 mm to about 350mm). In certain implementations, robot 100 is turned around (e.g., about100 degrees to about 180 degrees) before it is moved through a largeradius. If a bump is detected as robot 100 moves through the large turnradius, the post orbiting 1250 ends and, in some implementations,another arbiter-selected motion control behavior is initiated. This canimprove the efficiency of robot 100 in moving around the obstacle. Ifrobot 100 is turned 1280 through the large radius arc for more than aperiod of time (e.g., about 1 second to about 5 seconds), the postorbiting 1250 behavior ends. By the time the large radius arc is timedout, robot 100 is likely beyond the obstacle and/or anotherarbiter-selected behavior may be more effective in moving robot 100toward the initial heading setting.

Referring to FIG. 14, post-wiggle behavior 1300 includes maneuveringrobot 100 through a series of progressively smaller rotations inalternating directions to move through a space between two obstacles.Such maneuvering can allow robot 100 to move through the space to resumean initial heading setting (e.g., the heading setting prior to initialcontact with the obstacle). The space between the obstacles can beapproximately equal to the largest dimension of robot 100, parallel tothe cleaning surface.

Post-wiggle 1300 includes initializing 1302 variables, determining 1303whether the maximum number of attempts to move through the space hasbeen reached, turning 1304 robot 100 through a large radius turn if themaximum number of attempts has been reached (or if a maximum amount oftime has elapsed), and wiggling 1306 robot 100 relative to the space ifthe maximum number of attempts has not been reached.

Initialization 1302 can include determining whether the post-wiggletrigger was set 1276 by a far-side bump while post-orbiting 1250 theobstacle (see FIG. 13). Such a far-side bump and, thus the post-wiggletrigger, can indicate that robot 100 has encountered an orientation ofobstacles spaced close to one another. If the post-wiggle trigger hasnot been set, the post-wiggle behavior 1300 can end. Additionally oralternatively, initiating 1302 the wiggling variables can includesetting one or more of the following variables: number of attempts forpost-wiggling, rotation angle R for the wiggle movement, and the initialheading of robot 100. In some instances, the maximum number of attemptsfor post-wiggling decreases with the amount of time that robot 100 hasspent in the cleaning mode.

Turning 1304 robot 100 through a large radius turn if the maximum numberof attempts has been reached is analogous to turning 1280 describedabove with respect to post-orbit 1250 (FIG. 10).

Wiggling 1306 includes detecting 1308 a bump, rotating 1310 robot 100counterclockwise by the rotation angle R upon detection 1308 of a rightand/or center bump, rotating 1312 robot 100 clockwise by the rotationangle R upon detection 1308 of a left bump, decreasing 1314 the rotationangle R, and driving 1316 straight. Such progressive decreases 1314 inthe rotation angle R in response to detected 1308 bumps can be repeateduntil detection 1318 that a maximum number of attempts has been exceededor until robot 100 is able to move forward freely 1318 and arc 1320 backtoward the heading H until the heading H is reached or until a bump issensed. Upon detection 1303 that a maximum number of attempts has beenexceeded, robot 100 is turned 1304 toward a random heading aboutopposite H and moved to arc forward for a predetermined time ordistance, or until a bump is sensed.

In some implementations, decreasing 1314 rotation angle R can includereducing the rotation angle R by a fixed amount. In certainimplementations, decreasing 1314 rotation angle R can include reducingrotation angle R by progressively smaller amounts with each iteration.

Referring to FIG. 15, a caged robot virtual sensor 1350 can detectwhether robot 100 is confined to a small area. For example, caged robotvirtual sensor 1350 can detect whether robot 100 has navigated into anarea that is difficult move away from (e.g., such that robot 100 issubstantially confined to that area). As described in further detailbelow, caged robot virtual sensor 1350 can attempt to move robot 100 outof the confined area by switching robot 100 to alternative behaviormodes. Thus, in some instances, caged robot virtual sensor 1350 canimprove robot coverage efficiency of a cleaning surface by, for example,reducing the likelihood that robot 100 will remain confined in an area.

Caged robot virtual sensor 1350 includes directing 1352 robot 100 tomove in a first behavior mode, monitoring 1354 movement of robot 100 inthe first behavior mode, determining 1356 whether robot 100 is confined,and initiating 1358 a second behavior mode upon determining 1356 thatrobot 100 is confined. In some implementations, caged robot virtualsensor 1350 is activated upon determination that robot 100 is in acluttered area (e.g., by one or more signals received from proximitysensors 134A-D and/or kinetic bump sensors 132 in FIGS. 4A-B and 5).

Directing 1352 robot 100 to move in a first behavior mode can includedirecting the robot to move in post-orbit 1250 and/or post-wiggle 1300behaviors (see FIGS. 13-14). Additionally or alternatively, directing1352 robot 100 to move in a first behavior mode can include directingrobot 100 to move through a set of behavior modes. The first behaviormode or set of behavior modes can, additionally or alternatively,include one or more of the following behavior modes: a bounce mode, anobstacle following mode, and a spot coverage mode.

Monitoring 1354 movement of robot 100 during the first behavior mode caninclude measuring the heading of robot 100 and measuring the lineardistance traveled by robot 100. This monitoring 1354 can be done over aperiod of time, during a behavior mode, and/or during a set of behaviormodes. In some implementations, the measured heading of robot 100includes measurements from gyroscope 119 and/or by one or more wheelencoders 121 a,b,c (FIG. 3).

Determining 1356 that robot 100 is confined can include determining thatmonitored 1354 movement of robot 100 includes a heading change of 360degrees or more and a measured linear movement of robot 100 of less thana threshold value (e.g., less than about 6 meters, less than about 4meters, less than about 2 meters). This combination of changes inheading and linear movement indicates that robot 100 is confined to asmall area. For example, the linear movement of robot 100 can bemeasured by one or more of wheel encoders 121 a,b,c.

Upon determining 1356 that robot 100 is confined, a second behavior modeis initiated 1358. For example, the second behavior mode can include anescape mode. Additionally or alternatively, initiating 1358 the secondbehavior mode can include providing an alarm (e.g., an audible alarm, avisual alarm) and/or shutting off power to robot 100.

In some implementations, determining 1356 that robot 100 is confinedincludes generating a local area map based at least in part upondetermining the distance between contacted obstacles. For example, thelocal area map can be generated by storing the heading of robot 100 uponinitial contact with a first obstacle and, upon initial contact with thesecond obstacle, using dead reckoning to determine the distance betweenthe first and second obstacle. The speed or distance information usedfor dead reckoning can include odometry information from the one or morewheel encoders 121 a,b,c and/or motor power information from the drivewheel assemblies 112, 114.

A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it willbe understood that various modifications may be made without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the following claims. Accordingly, otherimplementations are within the scope of the following claims.

1.-20. (canceled)
 21. A method of navigating an autonomous coveragerobot on a floor, the method comprising: controlling movement of anautonomous coverage robot across the floor in a cleaning mode; receivinga sensor signal indicative of a first obstacle; upon receiving thesensor signal indicative of the first obstacle, moving the autonomouscoverage robot in a direction away from the sensed first obstacle;receiving a sensor signal indicative of a second obstacle; uponreceiving the sensor signal indicative of the second obstacle,determining a relative position of the first obstacle to the secondobstacle, including determining a distance from the first obstacle tothe second obstacle; and generating a local area map based on therelative position; and comparing the distance from the first obstacle tothe second obstacle with a threshold distance; wherein controllingmovement of the autonomous coverage robot across the floor in thecleaning mode includes moving the autonomous coverage robot in adirection away from the first and second obstacles if the distance fromthe first obstacle to the second obstacle is less than the thresholddistance.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein determining a relativeposition of the first obstacle to the second obstacle includes storing aheading of the autonomous coverage robot at the time when the sensorsignal indicative of the first obstacle was received.
 23. The method ofclaim 21, wherein the determination of the distance from the firstobstacle to the second obstacle is based on dead reckoning.
 24. Themethod of claim 23, wherein the dead reckoning is based at least in parton a heading received from a gyroscope disposed on the autonomouscoverage robot.
 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the dead reckoningis based at least in part on measuring rotation of a wheel of theautonomous coverage robot as the autonomous coverage robot moves acrossthe floor.
 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the threshold distance isabout equal to a largest dimension of the autonomous coverage robotparallel to the floor.
 27. The method of claim 21, wherein determining arelative position of the first obstacle to the second obstacle includesstoring a relative orientation of the first obstacle to the secondobstacle.
 28. The method of claim 21, further comprising determiningthat the autonomous coverage robot is confined when it is determinedthat the heading of the autonomous coverage robot has changed by about360 degrees or more and the linear movement of the autonomous coveragerobot is less than about 6 meters.
 29. The method of claim 28, furthercomprising outputting an alarm and/or shutting off power of theautonomous coverage robot when it is determined that the autonomouscoverage robot is confined.
 30. The method of claim 21, wherein thesensor signal indicative of the first obstacle and the sensor signalindicative of the second obstacle include signals emitted by a bumpsensor.
 31. The method of claim 21, wherein the sensor signal indicativeof the first obstacle and the sensor signal indicative of the secondobstacle include signals which indicate that a camera has detectedobstacles.
 32. The method of claim 21, further comprising: determiningan angular width of an obstacle; and determining that the obstacle is apost if the angular width is less than a threshold angle.
 33. The methodof claim 32, wherein controlling movement of an autonomous coveragerobot across the floor in a cleaning mode includes attempting to movebetween obstacles which are determined to be posts.
 34. An autonomouscoverage robot comprising: a drive assembly configured to move the robotacross a floor; a cleaning head arranged to remove debris from the floorover which the robot is driven; at least one sensor configured togenerate a signal indicative of an obstacle as the robot moves acrossthe floor; and a controller in communication with the drive assembly tocontrol movement of the robot across the floor, in which the controlleris configured to: control the drive assembly to control movement of anautonomous coverage robot across the floor in a cleaning mode; receive asensor signal from the at least one sensor indicative of a firstobstacle; upon receiving the sensor signal indicative of the firstobstacle, control the drive assembly to move the autonomous coveragerobot in a direction away from the sensed first obstacle; receive asensor signal from the at least one sensor indicative of a secondobstacle; upon receiving the sensor signal indicative of the secondobstacle, determine a relative position of the first obstacle to thesecond obstacle, including determining a distance from the firstobstacle to the second obstacle; generate a local area map based on therelative position; and compare the distance from the first obstacle tothe second obstacle with a threshold distance; wherein controllingmovement of the autonomous coverage robot across the floor in thecleaning mode includes moving the autonomous coverage robot in adirection away from the first and second obstacles if the distance fromthe first obstacle to the second obstacle is less than the thresholddistance.
 35. The autonomous coverage robot of claim 34, whereindetermining a relative position of the first obstacle to the secondobstacle includes storing a heading of the autonomous coverage robot atthe time when the sensor signal indicative of the first obstacle wasreceived.
 36. The autonomous coverage robot of claim 34, wherein thedetermination of the distance from the first obstacle to the secondobstacle is based on dead reckoning.
 37. The autonomous coverage robotof claim 36, wherein the dead reckoning is based at least in part on aheading received from a gyroscope disposed on the autonomous coveragerobot.
 38. The autonomous coverage robot of claim 36, wherein the deadreckoning is based at least in part on measuring rotation of a wheel ofthe autonomous coverage robot as the autonomous coverage robot movesacross the floor.
 39. The autonomous coverage robot of claim 34, whereinthe threshold distance is about equal to a largest dimension of theautonomous coverage robot parallel to the floor.
 40. The autonomouscoverage robot of claim 34, wherein determining a relative position ofthe first obstacle to the second obstacle includes storing a relativeorientation of the first obstacle to the second obstacle.
 41. Theautonomous coverage robot of claim 34, further comprising determiningthat the autonomous coverage robot is confined when it is determinedthat the heading of the autonomous coverage robot has changed by about360 degrees or more and the linear movement of the autonomous coveragerobot is less than about 6 meters.
 42. The autonomous coverage robot ofclaim 41, further comprising outputting an alarm and/or shutting offpower of the autonomous coverage robot when it is determined that theautonomous coverage robot is confined.
 43. The autonomous coverage robotof claim 34, wherein the sensor signal indicative of the first obstacleand the sensor signal indicative of the second obstacle include signalsemitted by a bump sensor.
 44. The autonomous coverage robot of claim 34,wherein the sensor signal indicative of the first obstacle and thesensor signal indicative of the second obstacle include signals whichindicate that a camera has detected obstacles.
 45. The autonomouscoverage robot of claim 34, further comprising: determining an angularwidth of an obstacle; and determining that the obstacle is a post if theangular width is less than a threshold angle.
 46. The autonomouscoverage robot of claim 45, wherein controlling movement of anautonomous coverage robot across the floor in a cleaning mode includesattempting to move between obstacles which are determined to be posts.47. A computer readable medium encoded with a computer programcomprising instructions that, when executed, operate to cause a computerto perform operations comprising: controlling movement of an autonomouscoverage robot across the floor in a cleaning mode; receiving a sensorsignal indicative of a first obstacle; upon receiving the sensor signalindicative of the first obstacle, moving the autonomous coverage robotin a direction away from the sensed first obstacle; receiving a sensorsignal indicative of a second obstacle; upon receiving the sensor signalindicative of the second obstacle, determining a relative position ofthe first obstacle to the second obstacle, including determining adistance from the first obstacle to the second obstacle based on deadreckoning; generating a local area map based on the relative position;and comparing the distance from the first obstacle to the secondobstacle with a threshold distance; wherein controlling movement of theautonomous coverage robot across the floor in the cleaning mode includesmoving the autonomous coverage robot in a direction away from the firstand second obstacles if the distance from the first obstacle to thesecond obstacle is less than the threshold distance.
 48. The computerreadable medium of claim 47, wherein determining a relative position ofthe first obstacle to the second obstacle includes storing a heading ofthe autonomous coverage robot at the time when the sensor signalindicative of the first obstacle was received.
 49. The computer readablemedium of claim 47, wherein the determination of the distance from thefirst obstacle to the second obstacle is based on dead reckoning. 50.The computer readable medium of claim 49, wherein the dead reckoning isbased at least in part on a heading received from a gyroscope disposedon the autonomous coverage robot.